JSI Tip 4367. Using arithmetic, modulus, logical shift, and boolean operators in the SET command.

The arithmetic variant of the SET command, SET /A, can also calculate a modulus,perform logical bit shifts, and do boolean operations.

I first used the arithmetic operations in tip 0721 General purpose date math routine.

I used the following commands to calculate whether the current year was a leap year, so I could make February have 29 days:

set /a DD1=%DD1% + 28set /a WKYY1=%YY1% / 4set /a WKYY1=%WKYY1% * 4If %WKYY1% NEQ %YY1% goto DAYMset /a DD1=%DD1% + 1

Had I known about the modulus operator, I could have changed this sequence of commands to:

set /a DD1=%DD1% + 28set /a WKYY1=%YY1% ^% 4If %WKYY1% GTR 0 goto DAYMset /a DD1=%DD1% + 1

While this only saves 1 statement, it does save considerable processor time.

When using the SET /A command, you can enclose the string to the right of the = sign in double-quotes ("), causing the expression evaluator to consider any non-numeric strings in the expression as environment variable names, whose values are converted to numbers before using them. This eliminates the need to type all the % signs.Thus set /a WKYY1=%YY1% ^% 4 becomes set /a WKYY1="YY1 % 4"

Consider the following:

set /a AA=1set /a BB=2set /a CC=3set /a quot=(%AA% + %BB%) / %CC%The last line can be typed as:set /a quot="(AA + BB) / CC"

You can use the logical shift to shift bits left or right, thus multiplying or dividing by 2:

set /a aa=8set /a bb="aa << 1"

shifts the bits in %aa% left by 1, which multiplies by 2, whereas:

set /a aa=8set /a bb="aa << 2"

shifts the bits in %aa% left by 2, which multiplies by 4. Similarly:

set /a bb="aa >> 2"

shifts the bits in %aa% right by 2 bits, dividing by 4.

Boolean operations are performed by using:

    &                   - bitwise and    ^                   - bitwise exclusive or    |                   - bitwise or

Thus:

set /a byte=0x01set /a xx="byte & 0xFF" leaves the 0 bit onset /a xx="byte & 0xFE" turns the 0 bit offset /a xx="byte ^ 0xFF" reverses the the 0/1 condition of the bits. set /a xx="byte | 0xFF" turns all bits on