Does SQL Server support before and after (pre and post) triggers? What about row vs set triggers?

A. SQL Server only supports "after" triggers, not "before" ones. You can see what the "before" data is by looking at the virtual tables created that are accessible from the trigger. These tables are called inserted and deleted.

SQL Server triggers only fire once per query, so they are set triggers rather than row triggers.

SQL Server does not support select triggers.